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OS X

OS X
The OS X logo that says "OS X"
OS X desktop
Screenshot of Bone X Mount Lion
Visitor / developer Apple Inc.
Programmed in C, C++, Objective-C [1] [2]
Os family Mac Bone, Unix [three] [4] [5] [six] [vii]
Working state Electric current
Source model Closed source (with open source components)
Initial release March 24, 2001; 11 years ago  (2001-03-24)
Latest stable release ten.eight.3 (Build 12D74) [eight] [edit] (March fourteen, 2013; 1 day ago  (2013-03-xiv)) [±]
Latest unstable release [±]
Marketing target Personal computing
Available language(s) Multi-lingual
Update method Apple Software Update
Mac App store
Supported platforms
Kernel type Hybrid (XNU)
Default user interface Graphical (Aqua)
License Proprietary EULA
Preceded past Mac Os 9
Official website world wide web.apple tree.com/osx

Os Ten ( pron.: / ˌ oʊ ɛ s ˈ t ɛ n / ), [9] previously Mac OS X, [10] is a series of Unix-based graphical interface operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. Information technology is designed to run exclusively on Mac computers, having been pre-loaded on all Macs since 2002. It was the successor to Mac OS 9, released in 1999, the concluding release of the "classic" Mac Bone, which had been Apple's principal operating organisation since 1984. The get-go version released was Mac OS Ten Server 1.0 in 1999, and a desktop version, Mac Bone X v10.0 "Chetah" followed on March 24, 2001. Releases of Os X are named afterward big cats: for instance, OS X v10.8 is referred to as "Mountain Lion".

Os Ten, whose X is the Roman numeral for 10 and is a prominent part of its make identity, is congenital on technologies developed at NeXT between the 2nd half of the 1980s and Apple'south buy of the company in tardily 1996. The 'Ten' is too used to emphasize the relatedness betwixt Os X and UNIX. Versions 10.5 "Leopard" running on Intel processors, [3] ten.6 "Snow Leopard", [4] 10.7 "Lion" [7] and 10.viii "Mountain Lion" [5] have obtained UNIX 03 certification. iOS, which runs on the iPhone, iPod Impact, [eleven] iPad, and the 2nd and third generation Apple Television, [12] shares the Darwin core and many frameworks with Bone X. An unnamed variant of v10.4 powered the starting time generation Apple tree TV. [13]

OS X originally ran on PowerPC-based Macs. In 2006, the first Intel Macs had a specialized version of 10.4 "Tiger". In 2007, x.v "Leopard" was the first to run on both PowerPC and Intel Macs with the use of Universal Binaries. ten.6 "Snow Leopard" was the kickoff version of OS 10 to drop support for PowerPC Macs. Mac Bone X x.7 "Lion" was the first version of Bone X to drop support for 32-scrap Intel processors and run exclusively on 64-bit Intel CPUs.

The server edition, Bone X Server, was architecturally identical to its desktop analogue, and included tools to facilitate direction of workgroups of Bone X machines, and to provide network services. Starting with v10.7 "Lion", Os X Server is no longer offered every bit a divide operating organisation product; instead, the server management tools are available for purchase separately, and are preloaded on the server models of Mac Pro and Mac Mini along with OS Ten.

Function of a series on
Os 10
OS X Logo.png
Features
Versions
Applications
Utilities
  • Activity Monitor
  • AirPort Utility
  • Archive Utility
  • Audio MIDI Setup
  • Bluetooth File Substitution
  • ColorSync
  • Panel
  • Crash Reporter
  • DigitalColor Meter
  • Directory Utility
  • DiskImageMounter
  • Disk Utility
  • Font Book
  • Grab
  • Help Viewer
  • Image Capture
  • Installer
  • Keychain Access
  • Migration Banana
  • Network Utility
  • ODBC Administrator
  • Remote Install Mac Os Ten
  • Screen Sharing
  • System Preferences
  • System Profiler
  • Final
  • Universal Admission
  • VoiceOver
Related

History

Main article: History of Bone X

Os Ten is based upon the Mach kernel. Certain parts from FreeBSD's and NetBSD's implementation of Unix were incorporated in NeXTSTEP, the cadre of Mac Os 10. NeXTSTEP was the graphical, object-oriented, and UNIX-based operating system developed past Steve Jobs' company Adjacent after he left Apple in 1985. [14] While Jobs was away from Apple, Apple tried to create a "adjacent-generation" Os through the Taligent, Copland and Gershwin projects, with piffling success. [15]

Somewhen, Adjacent's Os, then called OPENSTEP, was selected to be the basis for Apple's next Bone, and Apple purchased Side by side outright. [16] Steve Jobs returned to Apple tree as interim CEO, and later became CEO, shepherding the transformation of the programmer-friendly OPENSTEP into a arrangement that would exist adopted by Apple tree's primary market of home users and artistic professionals. The project was showtime known as Rhapsody and was later renamed to Mac Bone X. [17]

Mac OS X Server 1.ten, was incompatible with software designed for the original Mac Bone and had no back up for Apple'due south own IEEE 1394 (FireWire) interface. Mac OS X 10.x included more backward compatibility through Archetype and more functionality by introducing the Carbon API likewise as FireWire back up. As the operating system evolved, information technology moved abroad from the legacy Mac OS to an emphasis on new "digital lifestyle" applications such as the iLife suite, enhanced business applications (iWork), and integrated home amusement (the Front end Row media center). [xviii] Each version also included modifications to the general interface, such every bit the brushed metal appearance added in version 10.3, the non-pinstriped titlebar appearance in version 10.iv, and in 10.5 the removal of the previous brushed metal styles in favor of the "Unified" gradient window way. [xix] [20]

In 2012, with the release of Bone X Panthera leo, the "Mac" prefix was officially dropped in all references to the operating organisation proper name within marketing materials - and with Os X Mountain Panthera leo "Mac" was dropped in all references within the operating organization itself. [21]

Description

Mac OS X v10.0 Mac OS X v10.2 Mac OS X v10.3 Mac OS X v10.4 Mac OS X Leopard Mac OS X Snow Leopard Mac OS X Lion OS X Mountain Lion

Box/Mac App Store artwork for Os X. Left to correct: Cheetah/Puma (one), Jaguar (ii), Panther (3), Tiger (four), Leopard (five), Snow Leopard (6), Lion (7), Mountain King of beasts (8).

Os Ten is the 10th major version of Apple tree's operating arrangement for Macintosh computers. Previous Macintosh operating systems were named using Arabic numerals, due east.chiliad. Mac Os 8 and Mac Bone ix. The alphabetic character X in OS X'southward proper name refers to the number 10, a Roman numeral. It is therefore correctly pronounced "ten" ( / ˈ t ɛ northward / ) in this context. [9] [22] Even so, a common mispronunciation is "10" ( / ˈ ɛ k due south / ). [23]

OS Ten's core is a POSIX compliant operating system (Os) built on top of the XNU kernel, with standard Unix facilities available from the control line interface. Apple has released this family of software as a free and open source operating organisation named Darwin. On top of Darwin, Apple layered a number of components, including the Aqua interface and the Finder, to consummate the GUI-based operating system which is Bone Ten. [24]

Os 10 introduced a number of new capabilities to provide a more stable and reliable platform than its predecessor, Mac OS 9. For example, pre-emptive multitasking and memory protection improved the system'southward power to run multiple applications simultaneously without them interrupting or corrupting each other. [25] Many aspects of OS X's architecture are derived from OPENSTEP, which was designed to be portable, to ease the transition from one platform to another. For case, NeXTSTEP was ported from the original 68k-based NeXT workstations to x86 and other architectures before Side by side was purchased by Apple, [26] and OPENSTEP was later ported to the PowerPC compages equally part of the Rhapsody project.

The nigh visible change was the Aqua theme. The use of soft edges, translucent colors, and pinstripes – similar to the hardware design of the get-go iMacs – brought more texture and color to the user interface when compared to what OS 9 and OS X Server ane.0's "Platinum" appearance had offered. According to John Siracusa, an editor of Ars Technica, the introduction of Aqua and its departure from the then conventional await "hit like a ton of bricks." [27] Bruce Tognazzini (who founded the original Apple Human Interface Group) said that the Aqua interface in Mac Bone X v10.0 represented a step backwards in usability compared with the original Mac Os interface. [28] [29] 3rd-party developers started producing skins for customizable applications and other operating systems which mimicked the Aqua appearance. To some extent, Apple has used the successful transition to this new blueprint equally leverage, at various times threatening legal activity against people who make or distribute software with an interface the company says is derived from its copyrighted design. [xxx]

The architecture of Bone X incorporates a layered blueprint. [31] The layered frameworks aid rapid development of applications past providing existing code for common tasks. [32]

Bone Ten includes its ain software development tools, most prominently an integrated development environment called Xcode. Xcode provides interfaces to compilers that support several programming languages including C, C++, Objective-C, and Coffee. For the Apple–Intel transition, information technology was modified and so that developers could build their applications as a universal binary, which provides compatibility with both the Intel-based and PowerPC-based Macintosh lines. [33]

The Darwin sub-system in Mac OS 10 is in charge of managing the filesystem, which includes the Unix permissions layer. In 2003 and 2005, two Macworld editors expressed criticism of the permission scheme; Ted Landau called misconfigured permissions "the most common frustration" in Mac Bone X, while Rob Griffiths suggested that some users may even have to reset permissions every day, a process which can take up to 15 minutes. [34] More recently, some other Macworld editor, Dan Frakes, called the procedure of repairing permissions vastly overused. [35] He argues that OS Ten typically handles permissions properly without user interference, and resetting permissions should just be tried when problems emerge. [36]

Distribution and languages

See also: Usage share of operating systems

As of September 2011, OS X is the second-most-agile general-purpose client operating organisation in apply on the Www, (later Microsoft Windows), with an viii.45% usage share co-ordinate to statistics compiled by W3Counter. [37] It is the most successful Unix-like desktop operating organization on the web, estimated at over 5 times the usage of Linux (which has 1.five%). [37]

There are 20-two "System Languages" available for the user at the moment of installation (the "arrangement language" is the entire operating system surroundings). Equally of Mac OS X Panthera leo, the languages are Standard arabic, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional), Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, High german, Hebrew, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese (Brazilian), Portuguese (European), Russian, Castilian, Swedish and Turkish. Input methods for typing in dozens of scripts tin be chosen independently of the organisation language. [38]

Compatibility

Software

The APIs that OS X inherited from OpenStep are not backward uniform with before versions of Mac Os. These APIs were created every bit the upshot of a 1993 collaboration between Adjacent Figurer and Sun Microsystems and are now referred to by Apple tree equally Cocoa. This heritage is highly visible for Cocoa developers, since the "NS" prefix is ubiquitous in the framework, continuing variously for Due northextstep or NeXT/Due southunited nations. The official OpenStep API, published in September 1994, was the first to carve up the API between Foundation and Application Kit and the offset to employ the "NS" prefix. [26] Apple's Rhapsody project would have required all new evolution to use these APIs, causing much outcry among existing Mac developers. All Mac software that did non receive a consummate rewrite to the new framework would run in the equivalent of the Classic environment. To allow a smooth transition from Mac OS 9 to (Mac) OS X, the Carbon Awarding Programming Interface (API) was created. Applications written with Carbon tin exist executed natively on both systems. Carbon was not included in the showtime product sold equally "Mac Os X": Mac OS X Server (now referred to equally Mac Bone X Server 1.x).

Bone X too used to back up the Java Platform as a "preferred software package"  – in practice this means that applications written in Java fit as neatly into the operating organization as possible while still beingness cross-platform compatible, and that graphical user interfaces written in Swing look virtually exactly similar native Cocoa interfaces. Traditionally, Cocoa programs accept been more often than not written in Objective-C, with Java as an alternative. Yet, on July eleven, 2005, Apple announced that "features added to Cocoa in Mac OS Ten versions later on than 10.4 will non exist added to the Cocoa-Coffee programming interface." [39]

Since OS Ten is POSIX compliant, many software packages written for the *BSDs, Linux, or other Unix-similar systems can be recompiled to run on information technology. Projects such as Homebrew, Fink, MacPorts and pkgsrc provide pre-compiled or pre-formatted packages. From version 10.3 to version 10.7, Bone X included X11.app, Apple'southward version of the X Window Organisation graphical interface for Unix applications, as an optional component during installation. [forty] Up to and including Mac OS 10 v10.iv (Tiger), Apple's implementation was based on the X11 Licensed XFree86 4.three and X11R6.vi. All arranged versions of X11 characteristic a window manager which is similar to the OS X look-and-feel and has fairly good integration with Mac Bone X, also using the native Quartz rendering system. Earlier versions of Os X (in which X11 has not been bundled) can as well run X11 applications using XDarwin. With the introduction of version x.five Apple switched to the X.org variant of X11. [41] Version Mac Bone X ten.7 "Lion" uses 10.org Server version 1.ten.10 [42] Starting with OS X Mountain Lion, X11 is not bundled in Os X; instead, it has to be installed from, for example, the open source XQuartz project. [43]

Hardware

For the early releases of Mac OS X, the standard hardware platform supported was the full line of Macintosh computers (laptop, desktop, or server) based on PowerPC G3, G4, and G5 processors. Later versions discontinued support for some older hardware; for example, Panther does not back up "biscuit" G3s, [44] and Tiger does not back up systems that pre-date Apple tree'southward introduction of integrated FireWire ports (the ports themselves are not a functional requirement). Mac OS X v10.v "Leopard", introduced October 2007, has dropped support for all PowerPC G3 processors and for PowerPC G4 processors with clock rates below 867 MHz. Mac Os 10 v10.6 "Snowfall Leopard" supports Macs with Intel processors, not PowerPC. Mac Os X ten.vii "Lion" requires a Mac with an Intel Core two Duo or newer processor.

Tools such equally XPostFacto and patches applied to the installation disc have been adult by third parties to enable installation of newer versions of Mac OS X on systems not officially supported past Apple. This includes a number of pre-G3 Ability Macintosh systems that tin can be fabricated to run up to and including Mac Os Ten x.2 Jaguar, all G3-based Macs which can run up to and including Tiger, and sub-867 MHz G4 Macs tin run Leopard past removing the brake from the installation DVD or inbound a command in the Mac'southward Open Firmware interface to tell the Leopard Installer that it has a clock rate of 867 MHz or greater. Except for features requiring specific hardware (e.g. graphics acceleration, DVD writing), the operating organisation offers the same functionality on all supported hardware.

PowerPC versions of Mac Os X prior to Leopard retain compatibility with older Mac OS applications by providing an emulation environment chosen Classic, which allows users to run Mac OS 9 every bit a process within Mac OS X, so that almost older applications run every bit they would under the older operating organisation. Classic is non supported on Intel-based Macs or in Mac OS X v10.v "Leopard", but users all the same requiring Classic applications on Intel Macs can use the SheepShaver emulator to run Mac Os 9 on top of Leopard.

Apple–Intel transition

Steve Jobs talks nearly the transition to Intel processors.

Main article: Apple's transition to Intel processors

In April 2002, eWeek announced a rumor that Apple had a version of Mac OS X code-named Marklar, which ran on Intel x86 processors. The idea backside Marklar was to keep Mac OS X running on an alternative platform should Apple go dissatisfied with the progress of the PowerPC platform. [45] These rumors subsided until late in May 2005, when various media outlets, such as the The Wall Street Journal [46] and CNET, [47] announced that Apple would unveil Marklar in the coming months.

On June vi, 2005, Steve Jobs confirmed these rumors when he appear in his keynote address at the annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference that Apple would be making the transition from PowerPC to Intel processors over the following ii years, and that Mac OS X would support both platforms during the transition. Jobs as well confirmed rumors that Apple had versions of Mac OS X running on Intel processors for nigh of its developmental life. The last fourth dimension that Apple switched CPU families—from the Motorola 68K CPU to the IBM/Motorola PowerPC—Apple included a Motorola 68K emulator in the new OS that made almost all 68K software work automatically on the new hardware. Apple had supported the 68K emulator for eleven years, but stopped supporting it during the transition to Intel CPUs. Included in the new Bone for the Intel-based Macs is Rosetta, a binary translation layer which enables software compiled for PowerPC Mac OS X to run on Intel Mac OS X machines. Apple tree dropped back up for Classic mode on the new Intel Macs. Third political party emulation software such every bit Mini vMac, Basilisk Ii and SheepShaver provides support for some early versions of Mac OS. A new version of Xcode and the underlying command-line compilers support building universal binaries that volition run on either compages. [48]

PowerPC-only software is supported with Rosetta, though applications may have to be rewritten to run properly on the newer OS X for Intel. Apple tree initially encouraged developers to produce universal binaries with back up for both PowerPC and x86. [49] There is a functioning penalty when PowerPC binaries run on Intel Macs through Rosetta. Moreover, some PowerPC software, such as kernel extensions and System Preferences plugins, are not supported on Intel Macs. Some PowerPC applications would non run on Intel Os X at all. Plugins for Safari need to exist compiled for the aforementioned platform as Safari, so when Safari is running on Intel it requires plug-ins that accept been compiled as Intel-only or universal binaries, and so PowerPC-only plug-ins volition non work. [l] While Intel Macs are able to run PowerPC, x86, and universal binaries, PowerPC Macs support only universal and PowerPC builds.

Support for the PowerPC platform was dropped later Mac OS X 10.5. Such cantankerous-platform capability already existed in Mac Bone 10'due south lineage; OpenStep was ported to many architectures, including x86, and Darwin included support for both PowerPC and x86. Apple tree stated that Mac OS X would non run on Intel-based personal computers aside from its own, but a hacked version of the OS uniform with conventional x86 hardware was developed past the OSx86 customs.

On June 8, 2009, Apple announced at its Worldwide Developers Conference that Snow Leopard (version 10.6) would drop back up for PowerPC processors and be Intel-simply. [51] Still, Rosetta is still available in Snowfall Leopard; it is not installed by default, but information technology is available on the installation DVD every bit an installable add-on and is installed automatically via the Internet when get-go attempting to run a PowerPC-based application.

On all versions from (and including) King of beasts, Rosetta is no longer bachelor.

Features

One of the major differences between the previous versions of Mac OS and Os 10 was the addition of the Aqua GUI, a graphical user interface with water-like elements. Every window element, text, graphic, or widget is drawn on-screen using spatial anti-aliasing technology. [52] ColorSync, a applied science introduced many years earlier, was improved and congenital into the core cartoon engine, to provide color matching for printing and multimedia professionals. [53] Also, driblet shadows were added around windows and isolated text elements to provide a sense of depth. New interface elements were integrated, including sheets (document modal dialog boxes fastened to specific windows) and drawers.

Apple has continued to modify aspects of the Bone X appearance and design, particularly with tweaks to the appearance of windows and the carte du jour bar. One example of a UI behavioral change is that previewed video and audio files no longer accept progress bars in column view; instead, they have mouse-over kickoff and stop buttons as of 10.5.

The human being interface guidelines published by Apple for Mac OS Ten are followed by many applications, giving them consistent user interface and keyboard shortcuts. [54] In addition, new services for applications are included, which include spelling and grammer checkers, special characters palette, colour picker, font chooser and dictionary; these global features are present in every Cocoa application, adding consistency. The graphics system OpenGL composites windows onto the screen to allow hardware-accelerated drawing. This engineering, introduced in version 10.2, is chosen Quartz Extreme, a component of Quartz. Quartz's internal imaging model correlates well with the Portable Document Format (PDF) imaging model, making it like shooting fish in a barrel to output PDF to multiple devices. [53] As a side result, PDF viewing and creating PDF documents from any application are built-in features. [55]

In version x.3, Apple added Exposé, a feature which includes three functions to help accessibility between windows and desktop. Its functions are to instantly display all open windows equally thumbnails for easy navigation to unlike tasks, display all open windows equally thumbnails from the current application, and hibernate all windows to admission the desktop. [56] Also, FileVault was introduced, which is an optional encryption of the user's files with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES-128). [57]

Features introduced in version x.4 include Automator, an awarding designed to create an automatic workflow for different tasks; [58] Dashboard, a full-screen group of small applications called desktop widgets that tin be chosen upwards and dismissed in i keystroke; [59] and Front Row, a media viewer interface accessed past the Apple Remote. [60] Moreover, the Sync Services were included, which is a organization that allows applications to access a centralized extensible database for various elements of user data, including calendar and contact items. The operating organisation then managed conflicting edits and data consistency. [61]

Equally of version ten.five, all organisation icons are scalable up to 512�-512 pixels, to accommodate various places where they announced in larger size, including for example the Embrace Flow view, a three-dimensional graphical user interface included with iTunes, the Finder, and other Apple products for visually skimming through files and digital media libraries via cover artwork. This version includes Spaces, a virtual desktop implementation which enables the user to have more than ane desktop and brandish them in an Exposé-like interface. [62] Mac OS X v10.five includes an automatic backup applied science called Time Machine, which provides the ability to view and restore previous versions of files and application data; [63] and Screen Sharing was built in for the first time. [64]

Finder is a file browser allowing quick access to all areas of the computer, which has been modified throughout subsequent releases of Mac Bone X. [65] [66] Quick Wait is part of Mac Os X Leopard'south Finder. It allows for dynamic previews of files, including videos and multi-page documents, without opening their parent applications. Spotlight search engineering, which is integrated into the Finder since Mac Os X Tiger, allows rapid real-fourth dimension searches of data files; postal service messages; photos; and other data based on detail properties (meta data) and/or content. [67] [68] Mac Bone X makes use of a Dock, which holds file and binder shortcuts too equally minimized windows.

Versions

Mac OS 10 Version Information
Version Codename Date Appear Release Date Most Contempo Version
Rhapsody Developer Release Grail1Z4 / Titan1U August 31, 1997 DR2 (May 14, 1998)
Mac OS X Server ane.0 Hera March 16, 1999 ane.2v3 (October 27, 2000)
Mac OS Ten Developer Preview March sixteen, 1999 DP4 (Apr 5, 2000)
Public Beta Kodiak September 13, 2000
Mac Bone 10 x.0 Chetah March 24, 2001 10.0.four (June 22, 2001)
Mac OS X 10.1 Puma July 18, 2001 [69] September 25, 2001 x.1.5 (June vi, 2002)
Mac OS X 10.two Jaguar May 6, 2002 [70] August 24, 2002 10.ii.8 (October iii, 2003)
Mac OS X 10.3 Panther June 23, 2003 [71] October 24, 2003 10.iii.9 (April 15, 2005)
Mac Os 10 x.four Tiger May 4, 2004 [72] Apr 29, 2005 10.iv.11 (November 14, 2007)
Mac Os X 10.5 Leopard June 26, 2006 [73] Oct 26, 2007 10.v.8 (Baronial 5, 2009)
Mac Os X 10.vi Snow Leopard June ix, 2008 [74] Baronial 28, 2009 10.6.8 v1.1 (July 25, 2011)
Mac OS Ten 10.vii Lion October 20, 2010 [75] July twenty, 2011 10.7.5 (September 19, 2012)
Bone X 10.eight Mountain Lion February 16, 2012 [76] July 25, 2012 [77] x.viii.three (March 14, 2013)

With the exception of Mac OS X Server 1.0 and the original public beta, Mac OS X versions are named afterward large cats. Prior to its release, version 10.0 was code named "Cheetah" internally at Apple, and version x.i was code named internally as "Puma". After the immense buzz surrounding version 10.2, codenamed "Jaguar", Apple tree's product marketing began openly using the code names to promote the operating arrangement. 10.3 was marketed as "Panther", 10.4 as "Tiger", 10.five as "Leopard", 10.vi as "Snow Leopard", 10.7 as "Lion" and the current version 10.8 equally "Mountain Lion". "Panther", "Tiger" and "Leopard" are registered equally trademarks of Apple, but "Chetah", "Puma" and "Jaguar" have never been registered. Apple has also registered "Lynx" and "Cougar" every bit trademarks, though these were allowed to lapse. [78] Figurer retailer Tiger Direct sued Apple tree for its use of the proper name "Tiger". On May 16, 2005 a U.s. federal court in the Southern District of Florida ruled that Apple'southward use did non infringe on Tiger Direct's trademark. [79]

Public Beta: "Kodiak"

Main commodity: Mac OS X Public Beta

On September 13, 2000 Apple tree released a $29.95 [80] "preview" version of Mac OS X (internally codenamed Kodiak) in order to gain feedback from users.

The "Lead" as information technology was known marked the first public availability of the Aqua interface and Apple made many changes to the UI based on customer feedback. Mac Bone X Public Beta expired and ceased to role in Spring 2001. [81]

Version 10.0: "Cheetah"

Principal commodity: Mac OS 10 v10.0

On March 24, 2001, Apple released Mac Bone 10 v10.0 (internally codenamed Cheetah). [82] The initial version was slow, incomplete, and had very few applications available at the time of its launch, mostly from independent developers. While many critics suggested that the operating system was non prepare for mainstream adoption, they recognized the importance of its initial launch as a base on which to improve. Just releasing Mac OS X was received by the Macintosh community every bit a bang-up accomplishment, for attempts to completely overhaul the Mac Os had been underway since 1996, and delayed past countless setbacks. Following some bug fixes, kernel panics became much less frequent.

Version ten.1: "Puma"

Main article: Mac Os 10 v10.i

Later on that year on September 25, 2001, Mac OS X v10.i (internally codenamed Puma) was released. It had better performance and provided missing features, such as DVD playback. Apple tree released 10.1 equally a free upgrade CD for 10.0 users, in add-on to the The states$129 boxed version for people running Mac Os 9. Information technology was discovered that the upgrade CDs were full install CDs that could be used with Mac Bone 9 systems by removing a specific file; Apple later re-released the CDs in an bodily stripped-down format that did not facilitate installation on such systems. [83] On January seven, 2002, Apple announced that Mac Os 10 was to be the default operating system for all Macintosh products past the end of that month. [84]

Version 10.two: "Jaguar"

Main article: Mac Os X v10.2

On August 23, 2002, [85] Apple followed up with Mac Bone 10 v10.two "Jaguar", the first release to use its lawmaking proper noun as role of the branding. [86] It brought great raw functioning improvements, a sleeker look, and many powerful user-interface enhancements (over 150, according to Apple [87] ), including Quartz Farthermost for compositing graphics directly on an ATI Radeon or Nvidia GeForce2 MX AGP-based video card with at least 16 MB of VRAM, a system-wide repository for contact information in the new Accost Book, and an instant messaging client named iChat. [88] The Happy Mac which had appeared during the Mac OS startup sequence for well-nigh eighteen years was replaced with a big grey Apple logo with the introduction of Mac Os X v10.2.

Version 10.three: "Panther"

Primary article: Mac Bone 10 Panther

Mac OS 10 v10.three "Panther" was released on October 24, 2003. In addition to providing much improved operation, it also incorporated the well-nigh extensive update however to the user interface. Panther included every bit many or more new features as Jaguar had the twelvemonth before, including an updated Finder, incorporating a brushed-metal interface, Fast user switching, Exposé (Window director), FileVault, Safari, iChat AV (which added videoconferencing features to iChat), improved Portable Document Format (PDF) rendering and much greater Microsoft Windows interoperability. [89] Support for some early G3 computers such as "beige" Power Macs and "WallStreet" PowerBooks was discontinued.

Version x.4: "Tiger"

Principal article: Mac Bone X Tiger

Mac OS X v10.4 "Tiger" was released on April 29, 2005. Apple stated that Tiger independent more than 200 new features. [90] Equally with Panther, certain older machines were no longer supported; Tiger requires a Mac with a congenital-in FireWire port. [44] Among the new features, Tiger introduced Spotlight, Dashboard, Smart Folders, updated Mail plan with Smart Mailboxes, QuickTime seven, Safari 2, Automator, VoiceOver, Core Image and Core Video. The initial release of the Apple TV used a modified version of Tiger with a different graphical interface and fewer applications and services. On January 10, 2006, Apple released the starting time Intel-based Macs along with the x.4.4 update to Tiger. This operating organization functioned identically on the PowerPC-based Macs and the new Intel-based machines, with the exception of the Intel release dropping back up for the Classic surroundings. [91] Only PowerPC Macs can be booted from retail copies of the Tiger client DVD, but in that location is a Universal DVD of Tiger Server 10.four.7 (8K1079) that can boot both PowerPC and Intel Macs.

Version 10.v: "Leopard"

Main article: Mac OS X Leopard

Mac OS X v10.5 "Leopard" was released on October 26, 2007. It was chosen past Apple "the largest update of Mac OS X". It brought more 300 new features. [92] Leopard supports both PowerPC- and Intel x86-based Macintosh computers; support for the G3 processor was dropped and the G4 processor required a minimum clock charge per unit of 867 MHz, and at least 512 MB of RAM to be installed. The single DVD works for all supported Macs (including 64-bit machines). New features include a new await, an updated Finder, Time Auto, Spaces, Boot Camp pre-installed, [93] full support for 64-bit applications (including graphical applications), new features in Mail and iChat, and a number of new security features. Leopard is an Open up Brand UNIX 03 registered product on the Intel platform. It was likewise the first BSD-based OS to receive UNIX 03 certification. [3] [94] Leopard dropped support for the Classic Environment and all Classic applications. [95] It was the terminal version of Mac Bone X to support the PowerPC compages.

Version 10.6: "Snow Leopard"

Main article: Mac OS X Snowfall Leopard

Mac Bone X v10.6 "Snowfall Leopard" was released on August 28, 2009. Rather than delivering big changes to the appearance and end user functionality like the previous releases of Mac OS 10, Snow Leopard focused on "under the hood" changes, increasing the performance, efficiency, and stability of the operating system. For most users, the most noticeable changes were: the deejay infinite that the operating organisation frees up later a clean install compared to Mac Os X 10.5 Leopard, a more responsive Finder rewritten in Cocoa, faster Time Automobile backups, more than reliable and user friendly disk ejects, a more powerful version of the Preview application, also equally a faster Safari spider web browser. Snow Leopard merely supported machines with Intel CPUs, required at to the lowest degree 1 GB of RAM, and dropped default support for applications congenital for the PowerPC compages (Rosetta could exist installed as an additional component to retain support for PowerPC-only applications). [96]

Mac OS X v10.vi besides featured new 64-chip technology capable of supporting greater amounts of RAM, improved support for multi-cadre processors through Grand Fundamental Dispatch, and advanced GPU performance with OpenCL.

An update introduced back up for the Mac App Store, Apple'south digital distribution platform for Bone Ten applications. [97]

Version x.7: "Lion"

Mac Bone X Lion was announced at WWDC 2011 at Moscone W.

Master article: Mac OS X Lion

Mac OS X v10.7 "King of beasts" was released on July twenty, 2011. It brought developments made in Apple's iOS, such as an easily navigable display of installed applications (Launchpad) and a greater use of multi-bear on gestures, to the Mac. This release removed Rosetta, making it incapable of running PowerPC applications.

Changes made to the GUI (Graphical User Interface) include the Launchpad (similar to the home screen of iOS devices), auto-hiding scrollbars that simply announced when they are being used, and Mission Command, which unifies Exposé, Spaces, Dashboard, and full-screen applications inside a single interface. [98] Apple besides made changes to applications: they resume in the same state equally they were before they were closed (similar to iOS). Documents auto-save by default.

Version 10.viii: "Mountain Lion"

Main article: Os X Mount Lion

OS X v10.8 "Mountain Panthera leo" was released on July 25, 2012. [77] It incorporates some features seen in iOS five, which include Game Center, support for iMessage in the new Messages messaging application, and Reminders as a to-practice list app separate from iCal (which is renamed as Agenda, similar the iOS app). It also includes back up for storing iWork documents in iCloud. [99] Notification Center, which makes its debut in Mountain King of beasts, is a desktop version similar to the one in iOS five.0 and higher. Application popular-ups are now concentrated on the corner of the screen, and the Center itself is pulled from the right side of the screen. Mountain Lion also includes more than Chinese features including support for Baidu as an option for Safari search engine, QQ, 163.com and 126.com services for Mail, Contacts and Calendar, Youku, Tudou and Sina Weibo are integrated into share sheets. [100]

See also

Portal icon Apple portal

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Tags: OS X, Informatika, Komputer, 124, Os X OS X Screenshot of OS Ten Mountain Panthera leo Company / developer Apple Inc, Programmed in C C Objective C [ ] [ 2 ] Bone family Mac Bone Unix [ three ] [ 4 ] [ v ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Working state Current Source model Closed source (with open source components) Initial release March 24 2001 ; 11 years ago ( 2001 03 24 ) Latest stable release 10.8.three (Build 12D74) [ eight ] [edit] (March 14 2013 ; day agone ( 2013 03, OS Ten, Bahasa Republic of indonesia, Contoh Instruksi, Tutorial, Referensi, Buku, Petunjuk kuliahkaryawan, upri.ac.id


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